English language

**manouella** · 06-10-2006, 12:15 AM

English is a West Germanic language which is the dominant language in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Republic of Ireland, many Commonwealth nations including Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and other former British colonies, particularly in the Anglophone Caribbean. It is also an important or official language in many countries formerly under British or American rule, such as India, Nigeria and the Philippines.

English is currently one of the most widely spoken and written languages worldwide, with some 380 million native speakers. Only Chinese and Hindi have more native speakers while Spanish is similar in number. English is also the most widely spoken of the Germanic languages. It has lingua franca status in many parts of the world, due to the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and that of the United States from the Second World War to the present.

Through the global influence of native English speakers in cinema, music, broadcasting, science, and the Internet in recent decades, English is now the most widely learned second language in the world.

Because a working knowledge of English is required in many fields and occupations, education ministries around the world mandate the teaching of English to at least a basic level (see English as an additional language) .

History

English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to Britain in the fifth Century AD by Germanic settlers from various parts of northwest Germany. The original Old English language was subsequently influenced by two successive waves of invasion. The first was by speakers of languages in the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic family, who colonised parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries. The second wave was of the Normans in the eleventh century, who spoke Norman (an oïl language closely related to French).

While modern scholarship considers most of the story to be legendary and politically motivated, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported that around the year 449, Vortigern, King of the British Isles, invited the Angles to help him against the Picts. In return, the Angles were granted lands in the south-east and far north of England. Further aid was sought, and in response came Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. The Chronicle talks of a subsequent influx of settlers who eventually established seven kingdoms.

These Germanic invaders dominated the original Celtic-speaking inhabitants, whose languages survived largely in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland. The dialects spoken by the invaders formed what would be called Old English, which resembled some coastal dialects in what are now north-west Germany and the Netherlands. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings who settled mainly in the north-east (see Jórvík).

For the 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and the high nobility spoke only Anglo-Norman. A large number of Norman words were assimilated into Old English. The Norman influence reinforced the continual evolution of the language over the following centuries, resulting in what is now referred to as Middle English.

During the 15th century, Middle English was transformed by the Great Vowel Shift, the spread of a standardised London-based dialect in government and administration, and the standardising effect of printing. Modern English can be traced back to around the time of William Shakespeare.

Classification and related languages
The English language belongs to the western sub-branch of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Apart from English-lexified creole languages such as Tok Pisin and Bislama, the nearest living relative of English is Scots (Lallans), spoken mostly in Scotland and parts of Northern Ireland. Like English, Scots is a direct descendant of Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon.

After Scots, the next closest relative is Frisian—spoken in the Netherlands and Germany. Other less closely related living languages include German, Low German, Dutch, Scandinavian languages and Afrikaans. Many French words are also intelligible to an English speaker (pronunciations are not always identical, of course) because English absorbed a tremendous amount of vocabulary from French, via the Norman language after the Norman conquest and directly from French in further centuries; as a result, a substantial share of English vocabulary is quite close to the French, with some minor spelling differences (word endings, use of old French spellings etc.), as well as occasional differences in meaning.

Geographic distribution

**manouella** · 06-10-2006, 01:05 AM

you're welcome abu hayel

thanks for being here

أدوات الموضوع	إبحث في الموضوع
مشاهدة صفحة طباعة الموضوع أرسل هذا الموضوع إلى صديق	إبحث في الموضوع: البحث المتقدم
انواع عرض الموضوع
العرض العادي الانتقال إلى العرض المتطور الانتقال إلى العرض الشجري

المواضيع المتشابهه
الموضوع	كاتب الموضوع	المنتدى	مشاركات	آخر مشاركة
how good is your english اختبار سريع وشامل	حور العين	تعلم اللغة الانجليزيه	25	09-11-2007 12:40 PM
Learn English	بــو راكـــــان	تعلم اللغة الانجليزيه	7	07-16-2007 04:23 PM
Some important way in order to learn english perfectly	نبيل المجهول	تعلم اللغة الانجليزيه	8	04-13-2007 06:51 AM
89book to learn English (welcome everybody)	نبيل المجهول	تعلم اللغة الانجليزيه	16	01-23-2007 11:09 PM
english بس مترجم	عبووود	تعلم اللغة الانجليزيه	3	01-22-2007 10:40 PM

قائمة الانتقال السريع بين اقسام عيون العرب
أنظمة التشغيل	سكربتات هاكات	تحميل كراكات و سيريالات	شرح برنامج	تحميل برنامج
احكام رمضان	سيرة نبوية	تحميل محاضرات اناشيد	اعجاز الكتاب و السنة	فتاوى
حوارات	منوعات	عملات و اسهم	اخبار و اسرار	شعر نبطي
خواطر	قصص	كتب مجانية	تحضير مواد	شاهادات اونلاين
تعلم اللغات الاجنبية	أزياء	اكلات	ادارة المنزل	ازياء رجال
اجتماعيات	برمجة عصبية	صحة	الاسره	دروس فوتوشوب
دروس خط عربي	مواضيع ترحيب	نكت 2008	مواضيع العاب	صور
مقاطع للتحميل	الغاز	غرائب و عجائب	العاب كاملة	انيمي
صور انيمي	اخبار رياضية 2008	سيارات	مناطق سياحية	برامج جوال
(SMS) و (MMS)	ثيمات و خلفيات	شاعر المليون	أرشيف المواضيع المكرره	العاب فلاش
ثيمات و خلفيات للجوال	نغمات وصوتيات جوالات الجيل الثالث	العاب جوالات الجيل الثالث	موقع تحميل صور	مركز تحميل صور

برامج	برامج جوالات الجيل الثالث	دليل إشهار المواقع	ترجمة نصوص	العاب اطفال
دروس فوتوشوب	صور	ثيمات جوالات الجيل الثالث	تحميل افلام عربية	صور قلوب

::أسرة عيون العرب تبارك لجميع الاعضاء والزوار الكرام بعيد الاضحى المبارك وكل عام وانتم بخير::

الآن !! احصل على مدونتك مجانا من عيون العرب

English language

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	عيون العرب :: الإنتساب :: المكتب :: البحث :: الأركيد :: مواقع :: العاب فلاش :: ترجمة مواقع:: إعجاز القرآن :: الموسوعة الإسلامية :: برامج :: الإعلانات :: القوانين :: خروج

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